President Muhammadu Buhari’s COP26 commitment to net-zero emissions (NZE) by 2060 has stirred up various responses and reactions. Largely, pro-status-quo opinions ridiculed the commitment, and others thought it was outrightly misguided, emphasising the overall perception that “Nigeria – and Africa by extension – deserves all the freedom to contribute to global emissions first before committing to reducing it” In other words, use fossil fuels to industrialise like the perceived to be “developed world.” This piece will not only highlight why this belief is fundamentally flawed but also present the arguments that suggest PMB’s commitment could be the best thing to happen to Nigeria in recent times. 

The feeling that Nigeria’s commitment to NZE is ill-advised stems from the assessment of the current socio-economic challenges the country is facing. In short, it is a poverty argument – Nigeria is too poor to begin the process of transitioning since it has not set up a paradigm for transition. Further arguments present the feeling that if Nigeria commits to the energy transition, it may lose out on international financing facilities that it needs to industrialise along the fossil fuel lines. More people believe that Nigeria does not have the luxury to prioritise climate-friendly development in its current circumstances.  Other arguments continue to iterate that Nigeria’s dependence on crude oil makes it economically vulnerable if it should embark on energy transition processes. A more interesting one is Nigeria lacks the technical ability to industrialise along with the global plans to curb the effects of climate change. 

Nigeria first discovered Crude Oil in 1956 in Bayelsa State. Before independence, Nigeria was economically driven by non-oil revenues and continued to develop crude oil exploration activities with its pre-oil economy. Since the exports of crude oil began, Nigeria faced a turbulent economic growth that has been described as a curse to the Nation. Nigeria had gotten intoxicated by the dark elixir and neglected key sectors of its economy that had been hitherto largely promising. Nigeria is known globally for repugnant insecurity and notorious poverty. These identities have been cultivated in tandem with the oil national reliance. The evidence is too obvious and overwhelming to cite. With its return to promising democracy in 1999, Nigeria had not been able to effectively industrialise. The dependence on crude oil evolved Nigeria into a “beast consumer” that can neither feed itself nor refine the very crude it depends on. Even when Nigeria was earning its highest possible income from crude oil, it failed to deliver its most elementary of infrastructural needs. 

According to OPEC World Oil Outlook 2021, crude oil demands are likely to plummet over the next two decades. As the world continues to transition to cleaner energies with exponential growth in innovative technologies, the demand for crude will continue to diminish. With Europe and India gradually looking elsewhere, Nigeria’s stable revenue source will keep aging to its death regardless of local influence. Unless Nigeria finds alternative markets for its crude in Africa, it must begin to imagine an economy away from oil. 

The COVID-19 pandemic has set in a new era in global economics and international business. The crude oil markets reemphasized their dependency on human activities and global environmental change. This became a revelation to economies that were hitherto unprepared to re-evaluate their economic dependencies. The relief felt by the world with the recent relative stabilisation of the oil market has been misrepresented by many parties as a return to normalcy. The reality is the pandemic has only been a prelude to more serious global challenges that should shake countries like Nigeria and other emerging economies into serious re-strategizing and planning. The fact is the next global pressure may be more serious in its effect than the pandemic which is mostly survived by victims. In the words of Bill Gates, “The world needs to rise to avert a climate crisis.”

There is still a major misconception in the net-zero emissions debate. As such, it is paramount to clarify this. In simple terms, net-zero emission means taking actions that remove the same amount of harmful emission that is injected into the micro-climates by a system. In the context of developing countries, it means implementing the directives set up by environmental regulatory bodies through environmental protection recommendations. In Nigeria, it does not mean we have to stop crude oil production. It means we should prevent carbon-positive flaring, enforce oil spill mitigation, and responsible remediation to balance the adverse effects of crude-oil pollution.

Nigeria is blessed with climate change deniers in every quarter. Those at the heart of oil production are particularly more motivated to discover the non-existent loopholes in the climate sciences. As such, there remains a collective reluctance to enforce environmental regulations and implement climate-friendly projects. A prime example is in the afforestation efforts that have been recycled in national budgets with near-zero implementation. Any attempt to undermine Nigeria’s NZE targets only enables the climate deniers to delay climate action. 

According to Gadzama and Ayuba (2016), “the agents of desertification in Nigeria are climate change (especially changes in rainfall patterns), increased variability of droughts, inappropriate use of technologies in agriculture and land management, and land demand by the large population of the country. Northern Nigeria has one of the highest rates of deforestation in the world at about 3.5% (UNEP, 1993), which is driven by widespread land degradation, increasing agricultural intensity, over-grazing of livestock, and demand for fuel wood (Musa and Shaib, 2010). Assessments of desertification, its causes, and impacts have been found by several researchers for specific locations in Northern Nigeria (e.g., Ogunwale, 2015; Adakayi and Ishaya, 2016; Sulaiman et al., 2017; Oloukoi et al., 2018). However, little or no effort has been directed at its monitoring across the entire northern region bordering the Sahel”. 

According to recent figures, floods make up the most frequent disaster type (UNISDR, 2018). Between 1998 and 2017, floods formed 43.4% of all recorded events and affected 45% of all individuals affected by weather-related disasters. Flood events are also projected to increase everywhere under all considered Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) warming scenarios (Alfieri et al., 2017). In terms of social outcome, the literature suggests that following extreme weather events, the type of conflicts that are more likely to occur include communal violence and land-use disputes rather than large-scale civil conflicts (Buhaug & Seter, 2014; Eck, 2014; Fjelde & von Uexkull, 2012). 

According to Nigeria’s National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), 30 out of the 36 states were affected by the floods. The floods were termed the worst in Nigeria’s history in 40 years and affected an estimated total of seven million people (Nkwunonwo  2016). The estimated damages and losses caused by the floods were worth 2.6 trillion naira (Cirella and Iyalomhe 2018). 

Based on assumptions of access to technology, Nigeria’s NZE target may appear ambitious. This is due to an established understanding of the cycle of technological development and adoption. While the scope of NZE is not limited to the development of energy systems alone, several assessments have focused on the impacts of NZE on Nigeria’s race to energy sufficiency. In fact, the NZE encompasses strategic measures that include mitigation and adaptation across entire ecosystems. 

A lot of what was previously seen as ambitious goals has been found achievable under certain conditions. An example is the transition to remote work under the global threat of COVID-19. The previously predicted collapse of global systems was proven incorrect, and more corporate bodies have adapted to a new paradigm. Drawing from that, whether technologies would be accessible or affordable for energy transition is a function of collective will and competent strategy. The global consensus on climate action is the main driver of those conditions. The mass conviction of trendsetters in the developed world that feeds emerging economies with technology and behavioural incentives cannot be neglected.

 Photo Credit: Abubakar Sadiq Mustapha, Agaie, Local Government, Niger state.

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)—three simple words that should represent universal human rights and the foundation of well-being. Yet for millions, these essentials remain elusive, unravelling into a web of interconnected crises. The absence of clean water sets off a domino effect, collapsing sanitation, deteriorating hygiene, and fueling cycles of malnutrition, disease, and poverty. This cascading crisis, rooted in water scarcity, highlights the fragile balance between humans and their environment, reminding us that the cost of inaction is far too great.

The Domino Effect of Water Scarcity

The lack of water is more than a physical absence; it is a profound assault on health and dignity. Without clean water, sanitation falters, creating an environment ripe for the spread of diseases like cholera, typhoid, and dysentery. Hygiene becomes a privilege, not a standard, forcing vulnerable communities into situations where disease and infection become inevitable. Imagine children with distended bellies, their frail bodies fighting malnutrition compounded by waterborne illnesses. Picture displaced families collecting water from gutters, unknowingly ingesting pathogens that compromise their immune systems further.

These aren’t distant realities but lived experiences for millions. I recall visiting rural communities as a child and seeing firsthand the struggles of those living without access to clean water. The long treks to boreholes, the laborious pumping of taps, and the rationing of water for basic needs—all underscore the inequities of water access. In some areas, taps run only every two days, and households are restricted to a fixed number of buckets. Women and children, often the ones tasked with water collection, bear the brunt of this burden, sacrificing time and energy that could be spent on education or economic pursuits.

The Invisible Crisis: Women and Hygiene

The intersection of water scarcity and gender inequity is glaring. For young girls, menstruation becomes a monthly ordeal without access to adequate water and sanitary products. Forced to use rags or other unhygienic methods, these girls are exposed to infections and are often shamed into missing school. This isn’t merely an inconvenience; it’s a denial of their dignity and potential.

The problem doesn’t stop there. In many water-scarce regions, firewood is the primary source of cooking fuel. Women spend hours inhaling smoke while preparing meals, leading to long-term respiratory illnesses. These are silent health crises, hidden behind cultural norms and systemic neglect.

Climate Change: The Catalyst for Crisis

Water scarcity is not an isolated issue; it’s a glaring symptom of climate change and environmental degradation. Deforestation, a key driver of climate change, disrupts water cycles by destroying vital watersheds. As forests vanish, groundwater recharge slows, surface runoff increases and ecosystems suffer. The results are devastating: drying rivers, shrinking water tables, and the loss of biodiversity.

The decline in rainfall, coupled with reduced condensation, signals a planet under immense pressure. Wildfires, fueled by parched landscapes, wreak havoc on ecosystems, releasing carbon emissions that exacerbate global warming. The cascading impacts of water depletion ripple across the natural world, affecting everything from crop yields to the availability of fruits and other essential resources.

The Modern Paradox

Ironically, as water becomes scarcer, modern lifestyles exacerbate the problem. The shift towards processed foods and packaged goods has reduced the consumption of water-rich, natural diets. These choices, driven by convenience, have led to rising rates of chronic diseases, including cancers. The overuse of plastics in packaging further contributes to pollution, compounding the ecological strain.

In urban areas, unsanitary street food conditions highlight the stark contrast between modern convenience and neglected hygiene. Vendors reuse dark, over-heated oils in environments surrounded by stagnant water, creating perfect breeding grounds for mosquitoes and other disease vectors. This convergence of poor sanitation, hygiene, and water scarcity paints a troubling picture of global health challenges.

Change in Collective Action

Addressing the WASH crisis requires collective action and systemic change. It begins with recognizing that clean water is not a privilege but a fundamental human right, essential for health, dignity, and sustainability. Governments must prioritize investment in water infrastructure and embrace sustainable management practices to safeguard dwindling resources. Communities need education and support to adopt responsible consumption habits.

Equally important is empowering women and girls with access to hygiene products and private facilities. This small but vital change can restore their dignity, improve health outcomes, and open doors to education and opportunity.

The Time To Respond Is Now

The cascading crisis of water scarcity, poor sanitation, and hygiene is not an abstract problem; it is an urgent global emergency that demands immediate action. As forests disappear, water sources dry up, and vulnerable communities suffer, the cost of inaction grows heavier by the day.

We cannot afford to treat this as someone else’s problem. From rural villages relying on boreholes to urban streets plagued by poor hygiene, the WASH crisis touches us all. Addressing it means not only safeguarding our present but ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.

Let us remember: water is life, and its scarcity is a shared burden. The time to act is not tomorrow—it’s today. Together, we can turn the tide and secure a world where water, sanitation, and hygiene are not luxuries but universal realities.

Written by  Shamsiyah Abdulmumini

 The jour ney of a thousand miles begins with a single step. For me, that step was a leap  of faith, a bold decision to venture beyond the confines of my veterinary medicine  studies. A blend of audacity and a touch of delusion propelled me to join the Youth  Leadership Development Program 2024. 

Initially, self-doubt was my constant companion. Could I balance the demands of my  academic pursuits with the rigors of this program? Would I be able to make a  meaningful contribution? These questions echoed in my mind, threatening to stifle my  aspirations. But as I delved deeper into the program, I discovered a newfound sense of  purpose. The self-leadership course empowered me to confront my fears and embrace  my potential. It was a transformative experience that shattered my limiting beliefs and  instilled in me the confidence to step out of my comfort zone. 

When it came to choosing a focus area, I was torn between sustainability and  advocacy. Both held immense appeal, but ultimately, I gravitated towards sustainability.  I believed that by promoting sustainable practices, I could address the root causes of  many societal problems. I envisioned a future where communities are empowered to  make informed choices, fostering a harmonious relationship between humans and the  environment. 

My journey as a community changemaker has been a rollercoaster of emotions, filled  with both challenges and triumphs. There were moments of self-doubt when I  questioned my ability to make a significant impact. However, I persevered, fueled by a  deep-seated passion for creating a better world. I learned the importance of  collaboration, the power of perseverance, and the joy of making a difference. 

Through countless hours of volunteering, I witnessed firsthand the impact of  community-driven initiatives. From organizing clean-up drives to raising awareness  about environmental issues, every action, no matter how small, contributed to a larger  movement. I realized that true change is not about grand gestures but about  consistent, collective effort.

One of the most significant lessons I learned was the power of storytelling. By sharing  my experiences and inspiring others, I hoped to ignite a spark within them,  encouraging them to become agents of change. I believe that everyone has the  potential to make a difference, regardless of their background or circumstances. 

As I reflect on my journey, I am filled with gratitude for the opportunities I have been  afforded. I am grateful for the mentors who have guided me, the friends who have  supported me, and the community that has embraced me. I am also grateful for the  challenges I have faced, as they have shaped me into the person I am today. 

Moving forward, I am committed to continuing my work as a community changemaker. I  believe that by working together, we can create a more sustainable, equitable, and just  world. I am excited to see what the future holds and to inspire others to join me on this  journey. 

I am a girl who is change and has the audacity intertwined with delusion insisting to be  heard.

Written by  Shamsiyah Abdulmumini

In a remarkable effort to tackle climate change and improve food security in Northwest Nigeria, Green Habitat Initiative (GHI), with funding from the Adaptation Fund Climate Innovation Accelerator (AFCIA) and support from the Climate Technology Center and Network (CTCN), hosted a two-day Workshop on Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Argungu, Kebbi State. Held on November 28 – 29, 2024, the event brought together stakeholders, farmers, and experts to build resilience against climate challenges.

Bridging the Gap with RANETA

Central to the workshop was the introduction of the Radio and Internet for Climate Technology in Agricultural Resilience (RANETA) system. Designed to deliver agrometeorological data in farmer-friendly formats, RANETA aims to equip smallholder farmers with early warning systems and actionable insights. This initiative seeks to mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture and empower rural communities that often face challenges like market failures, insecure land tenure, and lack of climate information.

Aims and Objectives

The workshop targeted 60 smallholder farmers from Farfajiya Farms in Argungu, comprising 29 women and 31 men. The goals were clear:

1. Awareness: Create an understanding of climate change impacts on agriculture.
2. Knowledge: Provide skills to implement sustainable practices.
3. Collaboration: Foster a support network among farmers and extension workers.
4. Innovation: Encourage the adoption of new technologies.
5. Capacity Building: Empower participants to adapt to changing climatic conditions.

Workshop Sessions: Learning and Action

Day 1: Understanding Climate Change

The workshop began with a welcome address by GHI Project Manager Mr. Yazid Haruna Shayau, who set the tone for two days of learning and collaboration. The sessions covered critical topics like the effects of climate change on agriculture, led by Dr. Muhammad Mansur Aliero, Deputy Dean at Kebbi State University of Science and Technology. Participants learned how global climate changes impact rural farmers and the agricultural sector in Nigeria.

The role of trust in weather forecasts and the integration of technology in early warning systems were discussed by Mr Faruk Garba Illo, Director of Projects at the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources. These sessions highlighted the importance of reliable data dissemination through systems like RANETA.

Day 2: Building Resilience and Practical Training

The second day emphasized actionable strategies, with sessions on building resilience for rural farmers and implementing policies for sustainable agricultural practices. The participants also engaged in fieldwork and practical demonstrations, making the theoretical lessons tangible.

A notable highlight was the stakeholder discussion involving extension workers and farm leaders, led by Mr. Bala Muhammad, Kebbi State Program Officer of IFAD. These discussions laid the groundwork for collaborative action plans to sustain the RANETA system.

Stakeholder Engagement: A Collaborative Effort

The workshop concluded with a robust action plan for extension workers and farm leaders, focusing on:

• Weekly farmer engagement to discuss weather updates.
• Bi-weekly virtual meetings for the RANETA team and stakeholders.
• Quarterly reviews with traditional rulers and community leaders.

While the workshop achieved significant progress, challenges like limited financial resources for communication and travel were identified. Addressing these barriers is crucial for the success of RANETA.

Outcomes and Closing Remarks

The President of GHI and Project Director for RANETA TA, Engr. Sadiq Gulma, commended the participants for their enthusiasm and the facilitators for their expertise. He emphasized the importance of applying the knowledge gained to create resilient and sustainable farming systems.

A Vision for the Future

This workshop underscores GHI’s commitment to advancing sustainable development goals, particularly in combating climate change, reducing poverty, and enhancing food security. By equipping farmers with knowledge and tools, initiatives like this pave the way for a resilient agricultural future in Nigeria.

As GHI continues to drive innovative solutions, the lessons from Argungu serve as a model for empowering communities to adapt and thrive in the face of climate challenges.

 In a small village in rural Nigeria, 13-year-old Salama wakes up before dawn to start her day. She lives with her family in a small hut with no toilet. Her parents, like many others, cannot afford to build one. Salama’s daily routine begins with a walk to the nearby bush, where she and her siblings relieve themselves. The stench of human waste and the risk of diseases linger, but it’s a reality they’ve grown accustomed to.

As she walks to school, Salama worries about using the school’s dilapidated toilet. The doors don’t lock, and the smell is overpowering. She often holds her bladder until she returns home, risking infections. Salama’s story is not unique; millions of Nigerian children face similar sanitation challenges. Imagine waking up every morning to the stench of decay, the decomposed smell of human waste lingering in the air. For millions of Nigerians, this is the reality they are faced with. Behind the vibrant culture and resilience of Africa’s largest nation lies a festering sanitation crisis, claiming lives and undermining human dignity. Nigeria’s sanitation emergency is a ticking time bomb, hidden in plain sight that needs to be detonated as soon as possible.

Sanitation is a fundamental aspect of human health and dignity and it continues to remain a pressing concern in Nigeria and many third world countries. The country’s sanitation crisis affects many people, compromising their well-being, security, economic productivity, and environmental sustainability.

This blog post examines the current state of sanitation in Nigeria, highlighting challenges and potential solutions to the sanitation issues in Nigeria.

According to UNICEF, approximately 60 million Nigerians lack access to basic drinking water, and 80 million people do not have improved sanitation facilities. This has disturbing consequences, particularly for children under five, with over 70,000 deaths annually due to contaminated water and poor sanitation leading to diseases like diarrhea, typhoid fever and dysentery. Research from the World Bank shows that 39% of households in rural areas lack access to at least basic water supply, while only half of this population have access to improved sanitation.

Women and girls are not left out because they often bear the burden of water collection, typically often walking long distances, which has negative effects on their well-being, school attendance, and increased risk of harassment and gender-based violence.

According to UNICEF, women and girls spend an estimated 152 million hours annually collecting water. This time investment restricts their participation in education, economic activities, and healthcare thereby continuing cycles of poverty for them and by extension, their families. Additionally, the physical strain of water collection can lead to health issues, such as back and joint pain, and increased risk of accidents. Inadequate sanitation facilities worsen the challenges faced by rural Nigerians. Open defecation contaminates water sources, spreading diseases and deteriorating the lives of many.

To curb these sanitation challenges in Nigeria, key actions are required. It is important to carry out urgent and collective actions. Governments at all levels are enjoined to prioritize sanitation infrastructure developments and foster implementation of policies. Government can also invest in sanitation solutions and services for the public in order to curb open defecation. The private sector and civil society organizations can support this cause by implementing community led initiatives which can improve the knowledge and adoption of improved sanitation practices amongst grassroot and rural community members.

With these actions, slowly and surely, issues of sanitation will be subdued in Nigeria.

 

References

• World Bank 
• Unicef
• Unicef

 

 Introduction  

Accessibility to safe water and sanitation over the years has improved and will continue to improve globally due to the increased programmes, policies, and initiatives embarked on by relevant organisations and stakeholders. A report published by the United Nations Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water (GLAAS) report published in the last two years shows that approximately 28.57% or about 2.3 billion people globally had access to improved drinking between 1990-2012. A report published by the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that global support for efficient water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices rose by 30% between 2010 and 2012 which translates to financial investment from $8.3 Billion to $10.9 Billion.  

However, there is still much work to be done. The process of providing efficient water supply and effective sanitation systems in developing countries, especially in rural areas has been very slow and holding back progress (World Health Organization Report). More interventions need to be put in place to reduce discrimination and increase the level of impact on a great scale as approximately 2.5 billion people representing about 31% of the global population still lack access to improved sanitation facilities. Additionally, 1 billion people, or around 12.4% of the global population, continue to engage in open defecation, even near water supply channels. Furthermore, 750 million people, which is about 9.3% of the global population, do not have access to a safe and clean water supply. 

Challenges of Water and Sanitation in Nigeria Rural Communities  

There exists a consensus of divergent opinions that clean water and good sanitation are rudimentary human needs and rights. But up till today, many communities, especially rural communities in developing nations are finding such basic amenities luxurious (Kamara, et al; 2017). 

This situation has even been compounded due to the increase in sanitation precautions for the prevention and spread of the coronavirus pandemic. This challenge has continued to prove that the 17 goals of Sustainable Development Goals to be achieved in the year 2030 which include the availability and sustainability of water and sanitation are unrealistic, ambiguous, or too ambitious considering that many nations within Sub-Saharan Africa still live and are confronted with this challenge on a very large scale (Ndikumana and Pickbourn, 2017; Roche et al., 2017).

Availability of potable and safe water supply and effective sanitation system has a great impact on the quality of life of the people, health, and economic productivity. Meeting these needs is the major issue facing the present rural communities of Nigeria. This is because over 70% of the families residing within rural communities do not have access to efficient water supply and effective sanitation systems and materials. According to data from the World Bank, close to 100 million people reside in Nigeria’s rural communities and basic amenities such as clean water and sanitation continue to pose a challenge, especially to their general wellbeing.  

These challenges have led to the spread of diseases such as diarrhea (the second leading cause of death among children under the age of 5), water-borne diseases that are susceptible to massive outbreaks such as cholera, hepatitis, typhoid, and diseases caused by poor sanitation and hygiene practices such as schistosomiasis, blinding trachoma, intestinal worms amongst others. Most of these diseases are majorly found within rural communities.

These diseases spread in these communities due to the dependence on open sources of water for their survival. These sources include rivers, unprotected wells, ponds, seasonal streams, etc. These sources of water are prone to the above-listed water-borne diseases. Also, the over-reliance on open defecation even in their water sources and channels as well as lack of basic sanitation knowledge such as handwashing after defecating, and lack of basic sanitation materials such as soaps, clean water, toiletries, etc have increased the rate of contracting diseases associated with ineffective sanitation systems.

Opportunity  

Due to the gap seen in the WASH Sector and the level of acceptability of solutions by the rural dwellers, there exist opportunities for private sectors or investors to utilize and address this issue through impact investment, creating means of generating funds to further replicate these projects as over 75% of countries have insufficient funding to implement their WASH plans and strategies (GLASS Report, 2022). These opportunities include:

• Financial Assistance for Capital Improvements: Investors can provide finance that will support WASH programs, policies, and interventions to governments with a low-interest rate. This way, the investment will be recouped and environmental and social impact will be felt by the rural populace.
• Renewal and Replacement of Aging Sanitation Infrastructures: Private investors or social institutions could agree to replace or renew sanitation infrastructures within rural communities and get a return on investment from state or local governments.
• WASH Infrastructure Management: Social establishments could begin the management of WASH infrastructures within local communities to save them from being deplored for a mild fee.  

Recommendation to Government 

• Creating professionally managed and commercially oriented State Water Boards. ∙ Improving the financial and operational viability of the State Water Board.
• Strengthening policy, institutional and regulatory frameworks for improved WASH services (including establishing accountability mechanisms). 
• Building national and state WASH advocacy, coordination, and communications for reform. 

Written by Joseph Miracle

In rural Nigeria, the lack of proper sanitation remains a pressing concern, often overshadowed by other development priorities. Musa Mohammed Ashabu, a community mobilisation officer in Argungu Local Government Area (LGA), Kebbi State during the I-WASH Project, encountered this challenge firsthand during his work. This article explores my experience of a house-to-house inspection in Tungar Zazzagawa ward, where I discovered a newlywed couple living without a toilet. This encounter highlights the pervasive issue of open defecation in rural communities and its significant health and social implications.

Encountering the Newlywed Couple:

 I was visiting a newlywed couple’s home in Tungar Zazzagawa. The groom, a young man, appeared enthusiastic about welcoming his bride to their new home. However, when I asked about the presence of a toilet, I was met with an unexpected answer. I was taken aback when the groom revealed that there was no toilet in his new house. It was hard to believe that someone about to begin a new life with a partner would lack such a basic necessity.

The absence of a toilet in a home preparing to welcome a bride raised serious concerns regarding health, safety, and dignity. The groom’s situation highlighted broader issues; despite having access to resources, cultural practices and possibly economic constraints made the groom forgo this essential facility. My inquiry prompted important questions about the implications for both the bride and groom. The lack of a toilet not only posed health risks but also reflected deeper societal attitudes toward sanitation.

A Common Problem:

My encounter was not an isolated incident. Open defecation remains a widespread practice in many rural areas of Nigeria. According to the 2021 Nigerian WASH National Outcome Routine Mapping, over 60% of rural Nigerians lack access to improved sanitation facilities. This statistic underscores the urgent need for interventions to promote better sanitation practices.

The Health Implications:

The absence of proper sanitation facilities poses significant health risks. Open defecation can lead to the spread of diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid. These illnesses can have severe consequences, particularly for children and the elderly.

The United Nations stated that for every $1 invested in water and sanitation, there is an estimated return of $4.30 in the form of reduced healthcare costs, increased productivity and better education outcomes.

Beyond Health: Dignity and Safety

Beyond the health risks, the lack of a toilet also affects individuals’ dignity and safety. Women, in particular, may face additional challenges when defecating in open spaces. This can include exposure to violence, harassment, and discomfort.

Cultural and Behavioral Factors

The persistence of open defecation is often rooted in cultural beliefs and practices. In some communities, there may be a lack of awareness about the health risks associated with this practice or resistance to adopting modern sanitation facilities.

CONCLUSION:

My experience sheds light on the pressing issue of sanitation in rural Nigeria. The absence of a toilet in a newlywed couple’s home serves as a stark reminder of the challenges faced by many communities. Addressing this problem requires a multifaceted approach that includes education, infrastructure development, and policy interventions. By promoting better sanitation practices, we can improve the health, well-being, and dignity of millions of Nigerians.

As Nigeria strives towards universal access to sanitation, it is crucial to remember the stories and experiences of individuals, whose insights shed light on the realities faced by many rural communities. By addressing these challenges with empathy and determination, Nigeria can create a healthier, more dignified future for all its citizens.

 

The quote, “Some people feel the rain, Others just get wet,” is attributed to the legendary Bob Marley, though some argue it to have originated from Roger Miller, an American country singer. No matter its origin, the phrase ultimately portrays how rain and other weather events impact people and their situations in diverse and profound ways. For many petty businesses in Abuja and other Nigerian cities and towns, this distinction becomes apparent particularly now that the rain is here. 

A Conversation with an Akara Seller

Just across the street from my office in Wuye Abuja, I recently paused to chat with a woman who sells akara, a beloved bean cake snack in Nigeria, because I had wanted akara the day before, but she was not at her usual spot due to the rain that morning. This woman, married with four children, relies entirely on her modest akara business to provide for her family and support her husband who also depends on petty outdoor jobs. Her story is emblematic of countless Nigerians whose livelihoods are deeply entwined with the informal sector. For her and many others, the rainy season is far from a blessing; it is a period fraught with difficulties and uncertainty.

In her words, “Whenever it rains, my customers can’t come out, and I can’t sell my akara,” she explained with a resigned tone. The simple yet labour-intensive task of frying and selling akara becomes a formidable challenge as she struggles to shield her small stall from the relentless downpour. Her income takes a sharp dive during these rainy periods, and the consequences for her family’s well-being are both immediate and severe. This personal struggle mirrors the larger, systemic issues faced by many small-scale vendors across Abuja and Nigeria at large.

Broader Picture

This hardship is not unique to the akara seller. In Abuja and other Nigerian cities and towns, where a significant portion of the population earns their living through outdoor activities, businesses such as suya vendors, fruit sellers, indomie (noodle) sellers, and motorcycle operators, commonly known as okada riders, are enduring similar difficulties. These small-scale entrepreneurs are the backbone of Nigeria’s informal economy, which represents an astonishing 58.2% of the country’s GDP PPP levels, translating to approximately $1,408 billion. Despite their crucial role in the economic fabric of the nation, these businesses are incredibly vulnerable to the caprices of weather and climate change.

In recent times, major economic cities in Nigeria like Lagos have experienced heavy rainfall and severe flooding, which have compounded the challenges for these informal sector workers. What should be a time of seasonal renewal becomes a season of trials for those dependent on stable weather for their daily earnings. The torrential rains disrupt their business operations, decrease foot traffic, and lead to the spoilage or damage of goods. For instance, suya sellers who grill meat over open flames face challenges in maintaining their stalls during downpours, while fruit vendors struggle with inventory that becomes damaged or unsellable. Motorcycle operators, who rely on consistent customer demand, see a sharp decline in business as rainstorms deter riders and passengers alike. This seasonal adversity underscores the delicate balance upon which these informal economic activities rest and exacerbates the cycle of poverty that affects many Nigerian households.

Implications for Poverty and Development

The high rate of informal employment in Nigeria, estimated at around 92.7% in Q2 2023 according to the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics, reveals a significant socio-economic challenge. According to the report, women and younger individuals (ages 15-24) are particularly affected, with informal employment rates notably higher in these demographics. In Abuja, the impact of these weather-induced disruptions is stark, especially among those without formal education. With 99.6% of those without formal education engaged in informal employment, the lack of access to financial resources and support makes it even more difficult for these individuals to cope with climate-related challenges.

The challenges posed by recent heavy rainfall and flooding in various parts of Nigeria go beyond mere inconvenience. They threaten the very existence of these businesses, deepening poverty and reinforcing existing vulnerabilities. For most Nigerians who are already struggling with the increasingly harsh economic situation, the additional burden of climate-related disruptions makes it even harder to maintain a stable income.

Implications for Climate Technology Solutions and Climate Finance

As the global society continues to seek ways to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change more efficiently and effectively, technology has been recognized as one of the essential enabling elements. Climate technologies have garnered global attention since 1992, with significant efforts commencing in 2010 through the establishment of the Technology Mechanism by the UNFCCC. This initiative aims to guide and support the development and transfer of technologies for mitigating and adapting to climate change. Under the Paris Agreement, the Technology Framework was also established to steer the Technology Mechanism in assisting international, national, and regional institutions to achieve targets set for both mitigation and adaptation.

However, Despite an anticipated significant return on investments in adaptation, global investments have historically prioritised mitigation actions over adaptation especially in developing countries. According to the Global Commission on Adaptation in 2019, investments of USD 1.8 trillion in adaptation could yield USD 7.1 trillion in net benefits by 2030 across five key areas: early warning systems, infrastructure resilience, dryland agriculture crop production, mangroves protection, and resilient water resources management.

As the impact of climate change continues to be felt, particularly by the most vulnerable communities, many climate tech solutions are within our grasp. However, these solutions often lack the necessary finance and financing structures to scale up. For capital-intensive hard-tech solutions, profitability can be many years away, and product-to-market fit may be hindered by a green premium and a lack of buyers. This traditionally does not align with the typical risk appetite of private investors.

Nonetheless, investing in infrastructure that enhances resilience is crucial. Weather-resistant canopies or mobile shelters could offer essential protection for outdoor vendors and their goods, helping to shield them from the elements. Such practical solutions would help businesses continue their operations during inclement weather, thereby reducing the economic impact of the rainy season.

Financial support tailored to the needs of informal sector businesses is also essential. Micro-insurance schemes specifically designed to cover weather-related losses could offer a safety net for these vulnerable entrepreneurs. Furthermore, financial products that enable businesses to invest in resilience measures and adapt to changing weather patterns can empower them to manage risks more effectively.

Additionally, capacity-building programs that educate informal sector entrepreneurs about climate risks and adaptation strategies are vital. By equipping these business owners with the knowledge and tools to navigate climate uncertainties, we can help them make informed decisions and enhance their operational resilience.

Conclusion

The impact of climate change on small outdoor businesses in Nigeria’s informal sector is profound and multifaceted. In cities like Abuja, where a significant portion of the population relies on outdoor activities for their livelihood, recent heavy rainfall and flooding have exacerbated the challenges faced by these businesses. For many, the rainy season represents more than just a temporary dip in sales; it threatens their very livelihoods and amplifies existing vulnerabilities. Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort to provide practical solutions, financial support, and education. By investing in climate technology and finance, we can help these businesses adapt and thrive, despite the formidable challenges posed by a changing climate.